The critical importance of protein structure in determining cell behavior is known (40–42), but translating this strategy into clinically relevant therapies has been challenging. Here, we describe a facile yet robust engineering approach that allows reliable control of synergistic integrin/GF signaling to promote stem cell differentiation and tissue repair. Notably, PEA can be readily applied to diverse biomedical devices, both planar and complex 3D geometries by spin coating, solvent casting, and plasma polymerization (43). We demonstrate that FN nanonetworks, simply adsorbed onto PEA from a solution, allow for simultaneous availability of the integrin-binding region (FNIII9–10) and the GF-binding region (FNIII12–13) (44) of this important ECM protein. The FNIII12–14 region is classically described as the heparin-binding region shown to be a promiscuous GF-binding region able to sequester different GF families [for example, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β)] (13). As a proof of concept, we show here that BMP-2 is bound onto the FN nanonetworks at the material interface, and this binding/presentation promotes enhanced BMP-2 signaling in MSCs, with very low doses of BMP-2 driving osteogenesis and complete repair of nonhealing defects in vivo. We show, for the first time, a surface-induced regeneration of the bone (volume) in a critical-size defect, emphasizing clinical potential. Previous studies have shown the importance of FN conformation in driving osteogenic differentiation on material surfaces, with correct FN conformation required to allow enhanced availability of the integrin-binding site (41). Coating implants with FN fragments leads to better osteointegration, which reveals the importance of integrin specificity–related mechanisms also in vivo (45). Our results show a moderate effect for fibrillar FN nanonetwork presentation on PEA to induce osteogenesis both in vitro, as previously reported (37), and in vivo (Fig. 3). This may be related to the presence of GFs in the regenerative environment (medium/serum), which are adsorbed on FN nanonetworks to induce synergistic signaling.

“I hope by nurturing the young people I now work with, I will play a part in fostering the next generation of leaders in the scientific world, and our work in advanced nanomaterials will revolutionise people and the world,” Professor Vinu said.

Next, we sought to confirm enhanced angiogenesis from putative MIC population through several in vivo approaches. First, we used a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay (fig. S7A). We placed B16F0s cultured on nonpatterned or spiral-patterned gels with or without blocking integrin α5β1 or inhibiting ERK signaling on the CAMs of 10-day-old chick embryos (hydrogels directly applied cell-side down). After 5 days in culture, we analyzed the formation of new vessels by calculating the vessel area, and the results reveal enhanced vessel formation in CAMs, which are much bigger and more mature after exposure to spiral-patterned B16F0s, when compared to untreated (~3.78-fold) or B16F0s cultured on nonpatterned gels (~1.80-fold) or spiral patterns with α5β1 blocking (~1.68-fold) or ERK inhibition (~1.48-fold) (Fig. 4A). This demonstrates that perimeter topology will promote proangiogenic secretion from cultured B16F0s in vitro and in vivo.

For sample concentration, the instrumentation used was an OI Analytical 4760 Purge and Trap with a #10 trap containing silica gel, Tenax, and carbonized molecular sieve together with a 4100 Sample Processor. For chromatographic separation and detection, an Agilent 7890A/5975C GC/MS was employed. Instrument parameters are shown in Table 1.

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Global Innovation Chair for Advanced NanomaterialsGlobal Innovative Center for Advanced NanomaterialsSchool of EngineeringFaculty of Engineering and Built Environment

The importance of Superdry’s cold weather product categories and the normal profit cycle of its business (Superdry usually delivers 70-75% of full-year profit during the second half of its financial year) mean that the Company’s full-year profit will be heavily influenced by its performance in the second half. In the small number of cooler days in September, Superdry saw strong year-on-year performances, particularly from its cold weather product categories as footfall increased.

Growing up in a humble home in India, it was Professor Ajayan Vinu’s family who encouraged him to achieve a higher education, translating their own dreams into reality.

OUTLOOK ’17: Chemical stocks rally with US markets Many of the chemical stocks traded on US exchanges recovered from their lows reached in the early part of 2016 and approached their 52-week highs. ICIS follows more than 60 chemical, midstream and fertilizer stocks that are listed on various US stock exchanges. Out of these, several were close to their 52-week highs as of 9 December.

Two of the evaluated drinks contained benzene at trace levels of 2.17 and 1.85ppb. These drinks did not contain ascorbic acid, but contained benzoate salts.

In Life Sciences, 2018 sales were $946 million, up 8% year-over-year, with strong fourth quarter sales, as we continue to outpace market growth. Net income was up 23% year-over-year, driven by higher sales volume and manufacturing efficiencies. We expect sales growth to be a low to mid-single-digit percentage year-over-year for the first quarter and full year.

Several samples contained trace levels of chloroform, which is attributed to disinfectant byproducts in drinking water. A few drinks containing benzoate preservatives were found to contain benzene.